Magnification is how many times bigger the image is than the real thing. Resolution is how much detail you can see: the smallest gap between two points that still look like two points.

• Light microscope: cheap, small, works on living cells; magnifies up to about × 1500; shows nuclei but not ribosomes.
• Electron microscope: far higher magnification and resolution, so it shows ribosomes, the inside of mitochondria and viruses. It is expensive and large, and the specimen must be dead.

A light microscope's total magnification is the eyepiece times the objective: × 10 and × 40 gives × 400.

magnification = image size ÷ real size

There is no equation sheet in biology: learn it, and rearrange it with a triangle if that helps (real size = image size ÷ magnification). Both sizes must be in the same unit.

1. Image 24 mm, real cell 60 μm
2. 24 mm = 24 × 1000 = 24 000 μm
3. magnification = 24 000 ÷ 60 = × 400

Tiny real sizes are often asked in metres in standard form: 2.5 mm image at × 50 000 gives 0.0025 m ÷ 50 000 = 5.0 × 10⁻⁸ m (50 nm).

Magnification has no unit. If you got × 0.4, you forgot to change the mm to μm.

• Peel a thin layer of onion skin (light must get through) and lay it on a drop of water on a slide.
• Add a drop of iodine solution to stain it.
• Lower a coverslip at an angle so no air bubbles are trapped.
• Start on the lowest-power objective, focus with the coarse wheel, then move to higher power and use only the fine wheel.
• Draw in pencil: clear outlines, no shading, labels with ruled lines, the magnification, and a scale bar if you can.

To estimate a cell's size, count how many cells fit across the field of view and divide its width by that number.