pause: hold the note longer than its written value
a hat (^)
strong accent: a strong accent, stronger than an ordinary accent (new)
a wedge
staccatissimo: very short and detached (new)
a short line
tenuto: held for its full value, slightly stressed (new)
a dot and a line
semi-staccato: slightly detached, a little separated (new)
A strong accent, staccatissimo, tenuto, semi-staccato, then a pause
Signs across the music
Slur: play the notes smoothly. Tie: one sound across two notes of the same pitch.
Hairpins: crescendo (opening) and diminuendo (closing).
Common time (C) is 4/4; alla breve (C with a line through it) is 2/2.
Metronome mark: the number of beats in a minute.
Repeat marks: play the music between them again.
First and second time bars: play the first-time bar, repeat, then skip to the second-time bar.
8va over the notes: play them an octave higher than written.
A multi-bar rest: rest for the number of bars written over it.
Play the first-time bar, go back to the start, then skip it and play the second-time bar instead8va: these four notes sound an octave higher; then four bars' rest
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